Bladder problems

What is cystitis?

Cystitis is a common urinary tract infection, particularly among women. It is caused by bacteria entering the bladder and causing an infection followed by inflammation. Typical symptoms include burning when urinating, pain and a frequent urge to urinate, which can be very uncomfortable in everyday life.

Typical symptoms

• One of the most common signs of a urinary tract infection is a burning or sharp pain when urinating.
• Those affected may feel an urgent need to urinate, even though only small amounts of urine are passed.
• Cramping pain in the lower abdomen, particularly around the bladder, may occur.
• The urine may change in appearance; it can become cloudy, have an unpleasant smell and contain traces of blood.
• In more severe cases, fever and a general feeling of illness may occur.

Common causes and risk factors

• Most urinary tract infections are caused by bacteria originating from the intestines, most commonly Escherichia coli.
• A weakened immune system increases susceptibility to infections because the body's defences are reduced.
• The close proximity of the anus to the urinary opening makes it easier for germs to enter, while the short urethra facilitates their progression towards the bladder. Sexual intercourse can also promote the migration of bacteria into the urethra and cause an infection.
• Kidney stones can obstruct the flow of urine and promote bacterial growth.
• During menopause, hormonal changes can make the mucous membranes more sensitive and more susceptible to infection.

Treatment options

If cystitis is suspected, you can first visit a pharmacy. A urine test using reagent strips is often performed to detect typical signs of infection, such as white blood cells (leukocytes) and nitrites. Based on the results, patients can receive appropriate treatment and advice on preventing recurrent infections. In some cases, the pharmacist may recommend consulting a doctor.

Complementary measures

• Drink enough water or unsweetened herbal tea throughout the day (around 2 litres). Cranberry juice may also be helpful for prevention.
• Go to the toilet as soon as you feel the need and make sure to empty your bladder fully.
• In case of recurrent cystitis, urinating after sexual intercourse may be helpful.
• After a bowel movement, wipe from front to back.
• Limit caffeine and alcohol.
• Avoid wearing a wet swimming costume for too long.

When should you consult a doctor?

• If symptoms persist for more than three days.
• If there is blood in the urine.
• In case of high fever or lower back pain.
• During pregnancy.
• Men experiencing symptoms should always consult a doctor.

Possible complications

If cystitis is not treated in time, the infection can spread to the kidneys and cause pyelonephritis. This is a serious complication that requires prompt medical treatment.