Hemorrhoids

Haemorrhoids are structures rich in blood vessels located inside the rectum and anus. They play an important role in the body: together with the anal muscles, they contribute to continence, meaning the control of stool and gas.

Symptoms occur when these structures become enlarged or inflamed. This is known as haemorrhoidal disease and can cause symptoms such as itching, burning, pain or bleeding during bowel movements. These symptoms can be uncomfortable and have a significant impact on quality of life.

Typical symptoms

• The first signs are often itching or burning in the anal area.
• During bowel movements, bright red blood may be visible on toilet paper or in the stool.
• A feeling of pressure or a foreign body in the anal area may also occur.
• Oozing or mucous discharge is also possible.
• In advanced stages, haemorrhoids may protrude from the anus and cause pain.

Common causes and risk factors

• Straining strongly during bowel movements, often due to chronic constipation, places excessive stress on the blood vessels in the anal area.
• Lack of physical activity and prolonged sitting can promote the development of symptoms.
• A low-fibre diet can cause constipation and increase pressure in the rectum.
• Pregnancy and childbirth increase the risk of haemorrhoidal disease, particularly due to hormonal changes and increased venous congestion. Being overweight and genetic predisposition are also considered contributing factors.

Treatment options

In cases of haemorrhoids, pharmacies play an important role in initial care. In the early stages, topical treatments such as ointments, suppositories or sitz baths can relieve symptoms through their pain-relieving, anti-inflammatory or decongestant effects.

At the pharmacy, you can also receive advice on softening stools, increasing fibre intake and adopting other daily measures to support the healing process.

In the vast majority of cases, the pharmacy can help with haemorrhoids, particularly in the early stages, through local treatments aimed at relieving symptoms.

A medical examination is generally reserved for more severe or persistent cases. This may involve an examination of the anal area and a rectal examination. If necessary, an anoscopy (or proctoscopy) may be performed to examine the inside of the anal canal and confirm the presence of haemorrhoids, bleeding or other abnormalities.

Complementary measures

• A high-fibre diet promotes softer stools; soluble fibre can be added if necessary. Adequate fluid intake is also recommended.
• Regular physical activity stimulates bowel movements and helps prevent constipation.
• Excessive straining during bowel movements should also be avoided.

When should you consult a doctor?

• If there is blood in the stool or if symptoms persist for several days.
• In case of severe pain or palpable lumps in the anal area.
• If symptoms do not improve despite pharmacy advice and supportive measures, medical advice is recommended.
• If you are unsure about the cause of the symptoms.

Possible complications

If left untreated, haemorrhoids can worsen, remain prolapsed for a prolonged period and cause chronic symptoms. The main complications include haemorrhoidal thrombosis (blood clot), heavy bleeding (rectal bleeding) that can lead to anaemia, prolapse and severe pain. Early treatment is therefore important to help prevent these complications.