Hay fever

Hay fever, also known as seasonal allergic rhinitis, is a hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system to pollen. Seasonal allergies are mainly respiratory allergies triggered by different types of pollen. They typically cause a runny nose and itching in the throat and palate, and sometimes the eyes. This type of allergy is particularly common in spring, but can also occur at other times of the year depending on the pollen involved and the local climate. Symptoms can significantly affect quality of life and, if left untreated, may extend to the lower respiratory tract and develop into asthma.

Typical symptoms

• Frequent sneezing, especially in the morning or outdoors, is a classic symptom.
• The nose may run or become blocked.
• The eyes may itch, become red or water.
• Throat irritation may also occur.
• In severe cases, hay fever can develop into allergic asthma.

Common causes and risk factors

• The main triggers are generally pollen from grasses, trees or weeds, which is present in the air depending on the season.
• A family history of allergies increases the risk.
• Air pollution can further irritate the mucous membranes and worsen symptoms.
• A history of allergies, such as atopic dermatitis or food allergies, may increase the likelihood of developing hay fever.
• A weakened immune system or stress can intensify symptoms.

Treatment options

• Antihistamines relieve acute symptoms such as sneezing or itching.
• Cortisone-based nasal sprays have an anti-inflammatory effect and can help prevent symptoms.
• Eye drops or nasal rinses can be used as complementary treatments.
• Desensitisation (specific immunotherapy) can help reduce the allergy in the long term when symptoms are particularly severe.
• The AllergoTest offered by some pharmacies is a simple and rapid test that can identify certain common allergies using a drop of blood collected on site.
• In cases of severe allergy, diagnosis is carried out by an allergist using a skin prick test or blood test to identify the pollen or another allergen, such as animal hair or dust mites, responsible for the symptoms.

Complementary measures

• Pollen filters on windows or in cars can reduce exposure indoors.
• Washing your hair and changing your clothes after spending time outdoors helps remove pollen.
• Nasal rinsing cleans the nasal passages with a saline solution, helping to remove allergens and reduce symptoms of allergic rhinitis.
• Ventilate your home when pollen levels are low, for example early in the morning in cities and late in the evening in rural areas, or after rainfall.
• Protect your eyes with sunglasses when outdoors.
• Avoid outdoor activities during periods of high pollen concentration and during the peak season in good weather. Staying in areas with low pollen levels, such as by the sea, may provide relief.

When should you consult a doctor?

• If symptoms are very severe or persistent.
• If allergic asthma or breathing difficulties are suspected.
• If the medicines recommended at the pharmacy are not sufficiently effective.
• For children or pregnant women with symptoms.
• To investigate possible cross-allergies, for example involving certain foods.

Possible complications

Poorly controlled allergic rhinitis can cause inflammation to spread to the bronchi and trigger allergic asthma, a phenomenon known as the “united airways” or “allergic march” concept. Chronic sinusitis and sleep disturbances may also occur. Early treatment can help prevent these complications.